Link
16-Lights in the dark from the past and from the present
www.tightrope.it/nicolaus/index.htm
If you have a Physical, Chemical, Biological, ''light
in the dark'' to publish here please send it to me. Sepiomelanin chemistry start : L.Panizzi,R.A.Nicolaus,
Gazz.Chim.Ital., 82, 435-460, 1952 .
1) ....melanin a bioelectronic mechanism in brain
function....M.E.Lacy, Physiol.Chem.Phys.,13,
319,(1981).
2) .....melanin pigmentation in the skin has a
protective value against the harmful effects of ultraviolet UV radiation....W.C.Quevedo,T.B.Fitzpatrick,M.A.Pathak,
K.Jimbow '' Light and skin color '' in ''Sunlight and Man '', T.B.Fitzpatrick,
M.A.Pathak, I.C.Herber, M.Seiji, A.Kukota, eds. pag.165-194, University of Tokyo
Press,Tokyo (1974).
3)
……. Chemistry of
sepiomelanin was undertaken.Melanin from sepia officinalis
is present in the ink sac as the Mg and Ca salt….. M.Piattelli,
R.A.Nicolaus, Tetrahedron, 15, 66-75, 1961; M.Piattelli, E.Fattorusso, S.Magno,
R.A.Nicolaus, Tetrahedron, 18,941-949, 1962 ; 19, 2061-2072, 1963 ;
R.A.Nicolaus, M.Piattelli, E.Fattorusso,
Tetrahedron, 20, 1163-1172, 1964.
4)
.....the ink secretion of
Octopus contains compounds capable of paralyzing the olfactory sense of its
enemies....G.E.MacGinitie, N.MacGinitie, ''Natural History of Marine Animals''
MacGraw Hill,New York (1968).
5) .....pigmentary disorders are well known as in
albinism, vitiligo, mongolian spot, melanoma .... P.A.Riley in '' The Physiology
and Pathophysiology of the skin '' pag.1149-1167,A.Jarret ed.,AP New York
(1974).
6) .....melanins increase the optical efficiency of the
eye, are responsible for production of color patterns, usually of adaptive
significance, in the hair and or the superficial epidermis.....G.Prota ''Melanins
and Melanogenesis'' pag.1, AP San Diego (1992).
7) ......melanins are able to bind a number
of foreign substances ans to keep potentionally harmful substances
which are released after in low,non toxic form.....N.G.Lindquist, Acta Radiol.,325,1-92,
(1973) ; Uppsala J. Med. Sci., 91,238-288 (1986) ; Pigment Cell Research, 1,
133, (1987).
8)....melanins as a matrix for chemical evolution .....M.S.Blois in the ''Origins
of Prebiological Systems'' pag 19. S.W.Fox
ed. AP,New York (1965).
9) ...........melanin acts as a coloured amorphous
semiconductor ,the colour depending to the amplitude of the prohibited Fermi's
band......B.J.R.Nicolaus, R.A.Nicolaus, Atti Accademia Pontaniana, Vol.XLV, 365,
(1997) ; Rend.Acc.Sci.Fis.Mat.,Vol. LXIV, 325, (1998) ; www.tightrope.it/nicolaus/index.htm
10) .....neuromelanin as serving a biocybernetic
function.Depletion causes the substantia nigra to revert from its neuroendocrine
role to its original motor role .....F.M.Forrest, Adv.Biochem.Psychopharmacol.,
9, 255, (1974).
11) .......degeneration of substantia nigra is
associated with Parkinson's disease ...... E.Hirsch, A.N.Graybiel, Y.A.Agid,
Nature, 334, 345, (1988).
12) ...........The binding of drugs aside
neuromelanin suggest certain forms of chemically induced parkinsonism .....R.M.J.Ings,
Drug,Metabol., Rev., 15, 1183, (1994)
13) ........melanins from tetrahydroisoquinolines
found in the brain of post mortem of Parkinson's patients are similar in
dopamelanin regarding NADH oxidizing properties , oxy-radical scavenging
activity, and ability to form soluble mixed polymers with melanins from opioid
peptides .... L.Mosca, C.Blarzino, R.Coccia, C.Foppoli, M.A.Rosei, Free Radical
Biology and Medicine, 24, 161, (1997).
14) .........antimitotic and antibiotic activity is
showed by certain allomelanin of bacteria and fungi.......S.P.Ljach et al., Akad.,
Nauk SSSR, Institut Mikrobiologii, Izd., Nsuka Mosckva, 1-86, (1972).
15) ......Melanin was discussed as a dark screen ,
lying beneath certain physical light-reflecting structures whose purely
schemochromic colours it emphasizes merely by absorption of the longer, more
deeply penetrating rays ......D.L.Fox, ''Animal Biochromes'' pag.222, Cambridge
University Press, (1953).
16) ........chordate melanins have a mainly protective
function, e.g, in shielding underlying tissue from shortwave irradiation , in
heat control, adaptive coloration. The significance in plants and the more
primitive animals is still obscure ......... R.H.Thomson in
Comparative Biochemistry pag 727, N.Florkin, H.S.Mason eds., Vol.III, Part
A, AP (1962).
17) ......studies on the opticalspecificity
of tyrosinases from different sources reveal the preference for D-isomer of
tyrosine....... Y.M.Chen, W.Chavin, Experientia, 23, 997, (1967).
18).........melanin forms 18-72% of the melanosomes........
J.Duchon, J.Borovansky, P.Hach, Pigment Cell, 1, 165, Karger,Basel, (1973).
19) .......melatonin administered to the fish induces
the change from day to night colouration ........A.B.Lerner, J.D.Case, Y.Toka
Hashi, T.H.Lee, W.Mori, J.Am.Chem.Soc., 80, 2587, (1958).
20) ......amorphous melanin is capable of absorbing ultrasound in
the I-MHz range and converting this energy into a form which kills the tumor
cells....J.Mc Ginness, P.M.Corry, E.Armour, Pigment Cell, Vol.3, P.Riley ed. ,Karger
Basel (1976). ; U.Mizutani, T.B.Massalski, J.Mc Ginness, P.M.Corry, Nature, 259,
505, (1976).
21) ......melanin exhibits the unusual characteristics
of an amorphous semiconductor treshold switch......J Mc Ginness, P.Corry,
P.Proctor, Science, 183, 853, (1974). www.organicsemiconductors.com
22) ......all black materials are electroactive
......B.J.R.Nicolaus, R.A.Nicolaus, Atti della Accademia Pontaniana, Vol.XLV,
365, (1997); Rend.Acc:Sci.Fis.Mat., Vol.LXIV, 325, (1998) ; www.tightrope.it/nicolaus/index.htm
Link 19
23) ........explosive vaporization during pulsed
laser irradiation of melanosome........S.L.Jacques, D.J.Mc Auliffe,
Photochemistry and Photobiology,53,769, (1991).
24) .......melanin is found to be not volatile in mass spectrometry....... www.tightrope/nicolaus/index.htm
25) .......melanins natural or prepared by synthesis
are amorphous semicoductors.......A.Pullman,B.Pullman, BBA,54,384,(1961);
T.Strzelecka, Physiol. Chem.Phys. 14, 219-233, (1982)
26) ....It is shown further that the superconducting
state of these polymers should be distinguished by certain unique chemical
properties which could have considerable biological significance..... W.A.Little,
Physical Review. 134, A1417, (1964).
27) .....electrically conducting polymers could
provide a noninvasive means to control the shape and function of adherent cells...
J.Y.Wong, R.Langler, D.E.Ingber, Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA, 91,3201, (1994)
28) .....The influence of UV radiation on collagen
from rat tail in the presence of melanin was investigated .......A.Sionkowska,
J.Photochem.Photobiol., 124, 91, (1999)
29) .....Effects of L-Cysteine on the oxidation
chemistry of Dopamine.....F.Zhang, G.Dryhurst, J.Med:Chem. 37, 1084, (1994).
30) ........the doping effect on melanins is not known.........DHI-black, Adrenalin-black, Catechol-black are radical-polarone of hydrate polyquinones ......the counterion of melanin is not known........the chemistry of interstellar black matter is similar to the terrestrial black matter chemistry....... www.tightrope.it/nicolaus/index.htm
31) ......dopachrome which is transformed by Sepia dopachrome-rearranging enzyme to DHI .......A.Palumbo, G.Misuraca, M.d'Ischia, G.De Martino, G.Prota, Biochem.J. 299, 839, (1994) ; A.Palumbo, A.Di Cosmo, I.Gesualdo, V.J.Hearing Biochem J., 323, 749, (1997)
32) ......many dopachrome units are present in sepiomelanin......M. Piattelli, E.Fattorusso, S.Magno, R.A.Nicolaus, Tetrahedron, 19, 2061-2072, (1963)
33)
.........the radical polarone system of melanin BCM ( Black Cell Matter
), and BSM
( Black Synthetic Matter)........the
acetylene-black system in melanins ......... www.tightrope.it/nicolaus/index.htm May, 2001
34) ...... no melanins (BCM) derived from
tyrosine are polydolequinones...... www.tightrope.it/nicolaus/index.htm May, 2001
35) ...... cyclodopa precusor of eumelanin (BCM)....... A. Bolognese, R.A. Nicolaus, Atti Accademia Pontaniana Vol. L, 2001. Pontaniana.unina.it accponta@tin.it
36) ...... BCM ( Black Cell Matter )
and BSM ( Black Synthetic Matter ) have
one oxygen more than their precursors..... www.tightrope.it/nicolaus/index.htm March 2003
37) ...... tyrosinase is the only enzyme of
melanogenesis...... www.tightrope.it/nicolaus/index.htm March 2003
38) ...... during the extractive process melanins (BCM)
are oxidized by H2O2 contained in melanosomes or formed
from atmospheric O2 www.tightrope.it/nicolaus/index.htm March 2003
39) ...... the red solution is called dopachrome. The
solution is a mixture of quinones and phenols. Any substance or material which
decolorizes the red solution is believed to be an enzyme...... www.tightrope.it/nicolaus/index.htm March 2003
40)………melanogenesis universal model for earth and space………
The WEB. Link 7
41) …optically active tetrameric melanin intermediates are discovered……
A.Pezzella,D.Vogna,G.Prota,Tetrahedron Asymmetry 14,1133-1140, (2003)
42) Melanin particle ( L.Zeise, B.L.Murr, M.R.Chedekek, Pigment Cell
Research, 5, 132-142, 1992 ) is formed by mixture of oligomers species with
molecular weight in the range of 500-1500 Da A.Napolitano,A.Pezzella,G.Prota, R.Deraglia, P.Traldi,Rapid
Comm. Mass Spectrom.,
10,204-208, 1996 ; 10,468-472, 1996 ; A.Pezzella, M.D’Ischia, A.Napolitano,
A.Palumbo, G.Prota, Tetrahedron, 53, 8281-8286, 1997.
43)…..The
black pigment from Ustilago maydis spores has been studied. Analytical data and
degradation experiments show it to be a catechol-melanin…..M.Piattelli,E.Fattorusso,
R.A.Nicolaus, S.Magno, Tetrahedron, 21, 1229-1236, 1965.
44)
Melanin is not a
polymer. Melanin is a particle ( L.Zeise, B.L.Murr, M.R.Chedekel, 5,
132-142, 1992 ) formed by radical-polarones of polyene systems the most
simple one being acetylene-black.
Melanin
is not a biological garbage as commonly believed.
Melanin
is one of the most important
substance of living matter.
Some
peculiar properties known until now are:
c.
Binding of
ions and organic molecules
d.
Conducting melanins ( BCM, BSM ) and
control of adherent
cells………
e.
All chemical and physical data may change with form and size of the particle,
preparation and purification methods, binding
effect, doping.
46)
….. the effect of preparation procedures on particle morphology of
sepiomelanin……Y.Liu, J, Simon, Pigment Cell Research, 16, 72-80,2003
47)
…….13C and 15N NMR
of sepiomelanin and sepiomelanic acid------------ B.Bhavin, N.Akmedov,
A.R.Katritzky, C.Bowers, Magn.Reson.Chem., 41, 466-474, 2003
48)
…….Electrical conductivity of DOPA-melanin……M.Jastrzebska,
H.Isotalo, J.Paloheims, H.Stubb,J.Biomater.Sci.Polym., 7, 577-586, 1995
49)…….
Semiconductor properties of natural melanins…….T.Strzelecka,
Physiol.Chem.Phys,14, 223-231, 1982.
50)
….melanogenesis in the ink gland of Sepia………A:Palumbo,
Pigment Cell Research, 16, 517-522,
2003
51)…………the
color loci of mice…………..D.C.Bennett, M.L.Lamoreux, Pigment Cell Research,
16, 333-344, 2003
52)
………melanins,melanocytes, melanogenesis : an illustrated history of the past half century
…………..G.Prota,
Pigment Cell Research, 13, 283-293, 2000 .
Naples
and Monza October 2003